African Americans experience racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia, and other similar forms of intolerance.

The Working Group looked at the many forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia, and other similar intolerance that African Americans and people of African heritage experience. We will present our mission report to the UN Human Rights Council in September 2016 together with our conclusions and suggestions. The death penalty has been abolished in three additional states since the Working Group’s visit to the United States in 2010, and 2.3 million African Americans now have access to health insurance [1-3].
African Americans’ treatment in terms of their human rights concerns the Working Group. For people of African descent, there hasn’t been any sincere dedication to making amends, finding the truth, or promoting healing. The divisive ideology of white supremacy threatens the US population’s social cohesion. Black people’s lynchings were an act of racial terrorism that the US must atone for since they created a legacy of racial injustice [4-6].
African Americans continue to trail behind the rest of the US population in almost every measure of human development. Unofficial sources claim between 38 and 75 instances of unarmed African Americans being killed by the police in 2015. The state is failing to take the required actions to protect the rights of African American communities, as evidenced, among other things, by the absence of gun control and stand-your-ground laws [7-9].
Ten of the 28 inmates slain in 2015 were African Americans, and one in three African American men will spend some time in prison or jail. 2.3 million African Americans are incarcerated, and 4.8 million are on parole or probation, making them disproportionately affected by mass incarceration. The absence of early investigations by outside, neutral entities into police agencies creates significant barriers to police accountability, according to the Working Group [10, 11].
The Working Group is concerned about access to high-quality medical care, particularly for mental health issues, and inadequate solitary confinement circumstances. The “war on drugs” has had an adverse effect that has led to widespread incarceration and has been compared to slavery. Compared to White women, Black women have a three-to-four-times higher risk of dying from pregnancy-related complications. African Americans are the group most likely to be obese, and “food deserts” are linked to obesity [12, 13].
The Working Group is concerned about the continued de facto housing segregation in several US urban regions. Black residents of low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed to more violence and crime and to have fewer work possibilities. Zero tolerance rules and initiatives to boost school security have resulted in disproportionate punishment and racial profiling-based harassment of African American youth [14-16].
The lack of an avenue for African Americans to file individual complaints or lawsuits with regional and international organizations worries the Working Group. The annual income of African Americans in 2014 was roughly equal to that of non-Hispanic White Americans. The prevalence of violence against and killings of transgender women worries us the most [17-19].
The Review Committee examined the various manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, Afrophobia, and related manifestations of intolerance. In September 2016, they will give their mission report to the UN Human Rights Council along with their findings and recommendations. The ongoing de facto segregation of housing in a number of US metropolitan areas worries the working group. Black neighborhoods with low incomes are more prone to experiencing crime and violence, as well as having fewer employment options.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
References
[1] M. E. Kite and B. E. Whitley, Psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Routledge, 2016.
[2] V. Badaan and J. T. Jost, “Conceptual, empirical, and practical problems with the claim that intolerance, prejudice, and discrimination are equivalent on the political left and right,” Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, vol. 34, pp. 229-238, 2020.
[3] L. Quillian, “New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination,” Annual review of sociology, pp. 299-328, 2006.
[4] D. Apel and S. M. Smith, Lynching photographs. Univ of California Press, 2007.
[5] D. Lyons and M. K. Brown, Redress for historical injustices in the United States: On reparations for slavery, Jim Crow, and their legacies. Duke University Press, 2007.
[6] C. Squires, “Post-Racial Mystique, The,” in Post-Racial Mystique, The: New York University Press, 2014.
[7] J. Mazzone and S. Rushin, “From Selma to Ferguson: The Voting Rights Act as a Blueprint for Police Reform,” Calif. L. Rev., vol. 105, p. 263, 2017.
[8] O. K. Obasogie and Z. Newman, “Black lives matter and respectability politics in local news accounts of officer-involved civilian deaths: An early empirical assessment,” Wis. L. Rev., p. 541, 2016.
[9] C. A. Carter, “Police brutality, the law & today’s social justice movement: How the lack of police accountability has fueled# hashtag activism,” CUNY L. Rev., vol. 20, p. 521, 2016.
[10] B. Pettit, Invisible men: Mass incarceration and the myth of black progress. Russell Sage Foundation, 2012.
[11] B. Western, Punishment, and inequality in America. Russell Sage Foundation, 2006.
[12] A. Sinclair et al., “Diabetes mellitus in older people: position statement on behalf of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG), the European Diabetes Working Party for Older People (EDWPOP), and the International Task Force of Experts in Diabetes,” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 497-502, 2012.
[13] K. Kontoangelos, M. Economou, and C. Papageorgiou, “Mental health effects of COVID-19 pandemia: a review of clinical and psychological traits,” Psychiatry investigation, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 491, 2020.
[14] J. Goldner, T. L. Peters, M. H. Richards, and S. Pearce, “Exposure to community violence and protective and risky contexts among low income urban African American adolescents: A prospective study,” Journal of youth and adolescence, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 174-186, 2011.
[15] K. M. Fitzpatrick and J. P. Boldizar, “The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth,” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 424-430, 1993.
[16] R. C. Fauth, T. Leventhal, and J. Brooks-Gunn, “Short-term effects of moving from public housing in poor to middle-class neighborhoods on low-income, minority adults’ outcomes,” Social science & medicine, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 2271-2284, 2004.
[17] C. Hurst, H. F. Gibbon, and A. Nurse, Social inequality: Forms, causes, and consequences. Routledge, 2016.
[18] R. Boyd, “African American disproportionality and disparity in child welfare: Toward a comprehensive conceptual framework,” Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 37, pp. 15-27, 2014.
[19] D. G. Bocian, W. Li, and K. S. Ernst, “Foreclosures by race and ethnicity,” Center for Responsible Lending, pp. 4-6, 2010.
 

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published.